As conventional military activity in the Middle East experiences periods of uneasy calm under various ceasefires, a more persistent conflict continues to rage in the digital realm. Recent analysis of the United States-Iran confrontation suggests that the theatre of war has moved beyond physical skirmishes in the Strait of Hormuz into a state of "permanent attrition". This new era of grey-zone operations allows states to exert pressure and cause significant disruption without crossing the thresh
