X-Industry

Researchers at SentinelLabs have been monitoring a cluster of malicious Office documents that stage Crimson RAT, distributed by APT36 (Transparent Tribe) that target the education sector.  Analysts have assessed that this activity is part of the group’s previously reported targeting of the education sector in the Indian subcontinent.  Seen was APT36 (also known as Transparent Tribe) introducing OLE embedding to its typically used techniques for staging malware from lure documents and versioned changes to the implementation of Crimson RAT, indicating the ongoing evolution of APT36’s tactics and malware arsenal.

Transparent Tribe is a suspected Pakistan-based threat group active since at least 2013.  The group is not very sophisticated; however, it is a highly persistent threat actor that continuously adapts its operational strategy.  Transparent Tribe has previously focused mainly on Indian military and government personnel, but it has recently expanded its scope to include educational institutions and students in the Indian subcontinent.  Crimson RAT is a consistent staple in the group’s malware arsenal the adversary uses in its campaigns.[1]

The names and content of the lure documents, the associated domains, and the use of Crimson RAT suggest that the activities discussed in this post are part of a previously reported broader targeting of the education sector by Transparent Tribe.  The PDB paths of some Crimson RAT samples we analyzed containing the word Wibemax, which is also contained in the PDB paths of Crimson RAT payloads observed in a previous Transparent Tribe campaign.

Wibemax matches the name of a Pakistani software development company, but at this time SentinelLabs cannot identify a clear relationship to the adversary.  But of note is that there are high confidence assessments of Transparent Tribe leveraging third parties to support their operation, such as the Pakistani web hosting provider Zain Hosting.

SentinelLabs’ analysis reinforces the assessment that closely monitoring the research endeavors of adversary nations has become an important objective for the adversary, underscoring the crucial role this activity plays in fulfilling the goals and aspirations of the authorities whose interests Transparent Tribe represents.

Malicious Documents:  The documents that Transparent Tribe distributes have education-themed content and names such as assignment or Assignment-no-10, and indicate creation dates of July and August 2022.  Based on known behavior of this group, analysts suspect that the documents have been distributed to targets as attachments to phishing emails.  Consistent with known Transparent Tribe tactics, we observed that some of the documents have been hosted on file hosting services and attacker-created domains, such as s1.fileditch[.]ch, cloud-drive[.]store, and drive-phone[.]online.

SentinelLabs says it is important to note that cloud-drive[.]store and drive-phone[.]online have been previously linked to Transparent Tribe activities targeting the education sector and assessed as domains prepared for future use. Further, drive-phone[.]online closely resembles the phone-drive[.]online domain recently observed hosting Transparent Tribe malware targeting Indian and Pakistani Android users.

The malicious documents were analyzed stage Crimson RAT using Microsoft Office macros or OLE embedding.  The macro code executes when the documents are opened, and its functionality is consistent with known Transparent Tribe macro variants. The macros create and decompress an embedded archive file in the %ALLUSERSPROFILE% directory (C:\ProgramData) and execute the Crimson RAT payload within.  Some macros insert text in the document, which is typically education-themed content relating to India.

Macro implementation
Macro-inserted document text

In addition to macros, we observed that Transparent Tribe have adopted OLE embedding as a technique to stage Crimson RAT.  Malicious documents that implement this technique require users to double-click a document element. The documents distributed by Transparent Tribe typically display an image (a “View Document” graphic) indicating that the document content is locked.  This lures users to double-click the graphic to view the content, which activates an OLE package that stores and executes Crimson RAT masquerading as an update process (MicrosoftUpdate.exe).

The “View Document” graphic

OLE stream that stores Crimson RAT

Transparent Tribe is known to experiment with different malware staging techniques, which include distributing executables with embedded documents or documents that execute designated Crimson RAT loaders.  The adoption of OLE embedding further highlights the group’s continuous experimentation with malware staging techniques.

Crimson RAT Implementations:  Analysts observed a variety of Crimson RAT .NET implementations, with compilation timestamps between July and September 2022.  The Crimson RAT payloads we analyzed use the richa-sharma.ddns[.]net domain for C2 purposes and support either 40 or 65 commands, most of which have been documented in previous research.  Features of Crimson RAT include exfiltrating system information, capturing screenshots, starting and stopping processes, and enumerating files and drives.

A Crimson RAT command dispatch routine

Some Crimson RAT variants are stripped of debug information, whereas others have PDB paths that contain a date stamp, the word Richa, which relates to the configured C2 domain, and the word Wibemax.  Portions of these PDB paths overlap those of Crimson RAT payloads observed in a previous Transparent Tribe campaign, such as D:\Projects\Wibemax\WinP\WinP\obj\Debug\WinP.pdb and D:\Projects\Wibemax\Windows RAT\1 Windows 10 Client\Win8P-Sunny\2022-04-15-Win8P Sunny\obj\Debug\FUJIKBattery.pdb.

Crimson RAT PDB paths

Observed was different Crimson RAT version identifiers: R.S.8.8., R.S.8.9, R.S.8.1, and R.S.8.6.   The R.S. components of the identifiers may relate to the configured C2 domain (richa-sharma.ddns[.]net) and the numerical components may specify a version (build) number.  This aligns with a documented Crimson RAT variant with the identifier S.L.2.2., which has used the sunnyleone.hopto[.]org domain for C2 purposes.

As an anti-analysis measure, Crimson RAT variants delay their execution for a given time period, for example, 61, 180, or 241 seconds. Most of the Crimson RAT variants we analyzed evaluate whether they execute at a machine named G551JW or DESKTOP-B83U7C5 and establish persistence by creating a registry key under \SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run only if the victim’s machine name differs.  G551JW or DESKTOP-B83U7C5 may be the names of the machines where Crimson RAT developers have been running test executions.

Crimson RAT variants implement different obfuscation techniques of varying intensities, for example, simple function name malformation and dynamic string resolution. Observed was the use of the Eazfuscator obfuscator in a Crimson RAT sample named NewOrleans.  Evidence suggests that the Crimson RAT developers have patched the routine that evaluates the trial period of Eazfuscator to enable the execution of the malware after the trial period expires.

Eazfuscator trial period evaluation in NewOrleans Eazfuscator trial expiry message

With previous variants of Crimson RAT obfuscated using Crypto Obfuscator, the addition of Eazfuscator to the obfuscation techniques used by Transparent Tribe highlights the continuous maintenance and development of the RAT.

Conclusion: Transparent Tribe is a highly motivated and persistent threat actor that regularly updates its malware arsenal, operational playbook, and targets. Our analysis further demonstrates this characteristic of the group by spotlighting the adoption of OLE embedding as a technique for staging malware from lure documents and the Eazfuscator obfuscator to protect Crimson RAT implementations.  Transparent Tribe’s constantly changing operational and targeting strategies require constant vigilance to mitigate the threat posed by the group.

Indicators of Compromise

Red Sky Alliance is a Cyber Threat Analysis and Intelligence Service organization and we would like to thank Sentinel Labs with this great report.  For questions, comments or assistance, please contact the office directly at 1-844-492-7225, or feedback@redskyalliance. com    

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[1] https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/transparent-tribe-apt36-pakistan-aligned-threat-actor-expands-interest-in-indian-education-sector/