Emerging technology in the maritime arena is being used for tracking emissions, avoiding collisions and route planning, but lawyers are circling the technology, a recent seminar reported. The rapid expansion of artificial intelligence (AI) faces major stumbling blocks in shipping, where more than 80% of large vessels barely have enough communications capacity to send an email, a seminar heard on 19 September.
The use of problem-solving AI has the potential to cut costs in the coming decades, but the systems face significant legal, practical and regulatory barriers before they can be adopted across the global fleet, a session at London International Shipping Week heard.[1]
The IMO is currently discussing plans for a code for autonomous vessels, but the European Union is likely to legislate first leading to a patchwork of national, regional and international rules for emerging technology. “In the regulatory gap that exists, technology and shipping companies will push the boundaries until something bad happens,” a senior director at Inmarsat Maritime, said. “Then the IMO or flag state will respond and say, ‘you’ve gone too far’.”
Suspicions about the potential power of AI systems and the possibility of making human roles redundant are not limited to shipping, which is using AI tech for security, route planning, emissions tracking and collision-avoidance systems. The CEO of risk intelligence company Dryad Global, said AI is “going to permeate our industry to a pretty wide extent.” But any major expansion is hampered by cyber-security concerns, the ‘glacial’ pace of the IMO’s deliberations and the shipping industry’s slow adoption of new technology, the session heard.
The tech is being driven by the biggest operators, but the average shipowner has fewer than five ships, limiting costly research and investment opportunities. While major Japanese owner NYK last year demonstrated a collision-avoidance system, Orca AI, on an autonomous cargo ship on a 790km voyage, most vessels lack anything more than the most basic connectivity, said Inmarsat.
Now fewer than 30,000 of the 140,000 ships over 5,000 gross tons registered with the IMO had sufficient bandwidth to remain connected to the networks needed to run smart systems on ships.
A lecturer in cyber security at the University of Plymouth in the UK, urged caution with the use of AI, saying that it was ill-suited for older ships operating on rudimentary systems. As ships become part of larger networked systems, these old ships could be weak links that could open the industry to more malware and cyber-attacks, he said. “I’m still very skeptical of AI, very cynical,” said the professor. “There are very useful uses for AI when it comes to emissions and logistics, but I still think we need to urge a lot more caution when we’re adapting these sorts of technologies moving forward.” Manipulated data could give unexpected results. Concerns have been raised that the development of AI could lead to a loss of skills in the industry, which would remain vital in the event of systems crashing.
A tech lawyer working for the UK firm of Norton Rose Fulbright, said that the courts were likely to be busy in the coming years deciding who owns the data used to feed AI systems. And he said questions remained about who would be liable if AI-enabled safety systems go awry.
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[1] https://www.tradewindsnews.com/technology/experts-warn-of-dangers-as-shipping-adopts-ai-systems/2-1-1517258/
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